Optimization and Characterization of Protein Extraction from Asparagus Leafy By-Products.

Asparagus production generates significant amounts of by-products during the summer and post-harvest growth period. By-products can be good sources of nutrients and phytochemicals. The interest in increasing the availability of proteins for human consumption has led to the use of new plant sources rich in proteins. The objective of this study was to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the aqueous extraction process of proteins from asparagus leafy by-products, for the production of new protein ingredients. The optimum extraction condition was at pH 9, with 40 min of extraction at 50 °C, and the concentration was fixed at 5 g·L-1. The isolate obtained presented 90.48% protein with 43.47% protein yield. Amino acids such as alanine, proline, valine, leucine/isoleucine, asparagine, and phenylalanine were identified, and the antioxidant activity for 2,2 AZINO BIS (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline 6 sulfonic acid diammonium salt) was 145.76 equivalent to Trolox µmol.100g-1 and for DPPH 65.21 equivalent to Trolox µmol.100g-1. The product presented favorable technological properties (water absorption capacity 4.49 g·g-1 and oil absorption capacity 3.47 g·g-1) and the color tended towards dark green (L* 31.91, a* -1.01, b* -2.11). The protein isolate obtained through the extraction optimization process showed high potential to be used as a protein ingredient.

Study of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Wound Healing Properties of Raw Hydrolyzed Extract from Nile Tilapia Skin (Oreochromis niloticus).

Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) skin is a by-product of Brazilian fish farming, rich in collagen. The present study aims to evaluate the wound healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential of the raw hydrolyzed extract of Nile tilapia skin, as well as the identification of the main compounds. The in vitro activity was performed using antioxidant, antimicrobial and scratch wound healing assays. An in vivo experiment was performed to evaluate the wound healing potential. On days 1, 7, 14 and 21, the lesions were photographed to assess wound retraction and on the 7th , 14th and 21st  days the skins were removed for histological evaluation and the blood of the animals was collected for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase determination. The chemical study was carried out through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and de novo sequencing of peptides. The in vitro assays showed a reduction of the gap area in 24 h, dose-dependent antimicrobial activity for both bacteria, and antioxidant activity. The chemical analysis highlighted the presence of active biopeptides. The histological evaluation showed that the raw hydrolyzed extract of Nile tilapia skin has a healing potential, and does not present toxicological effects; therefore, is promising for the treatment of wounds.

Antitumor and antibacterial activity of metabolites of endophytic Colletotrichum siamense isolated from coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv IAPAR-59).

Endophytic fungi produce a range of known metabolites and several others, not yet explored, which present important biological activities from the pharmaceutical and industrial perspective. Several studies have reported the diversity of endophytes in Coffea arabica plants, although few have been described in organic cultures. In the current paper, we describe the chemical profile of specialized metabolites in the ethyl acetate phase in a strain of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum siamense associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) (Rubiaceae) and its potential against tumor cells and bacteria of medical and food importance. Cytotoxicity assays in tumor cells MCF-7 and HepG2/C3A were performed by MTT and microdilution in broth to evaluate the antibacterial action of metabolic extract. The antiproliferative assay showed promising results after 24 h of treatment, with 50% injunction concentrations for the two cell types. UHPLC-MS/MS analyses with an electrospray ionization source were used to analyze the extracts and identify compounds of species Colletotrichum siamense, which is still little explored as a source of active metabolites. Many of these compounds observed in the endophytic need to be chemically synthesized in industry, at high costs, while production by the fungus becomes a chemically and economically more viable alternative. Pyrocatechol, gentisyl alcohol, and alpha-linolenic acid, associated with different mechanisms of action against tumor cells, were detected among the main compounds. The extract of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum siamense presented several compounds with pharmacological potential and antibacterial activity, corroborating its potential in biotechnological applications.

Differential Chemical Profile of Metabolite Extracts Produced by the Diaporthe citri (G-01) Endophyte Mediated by Varying the Fermented Broth pH.

Endophytic microorganisms show great potential for biotechnological exploitation because they are able to produce a wide range of secondary compounds involved in endophyte−plant adaptation, and their interactions with other living organisms that share the same microhabitat. Techniques used to chemically extract these compounds often neglect the intrinsic chemical characteristics of the molecules involved, such as the ability to form conjugate acids or bases and how they influence the solubilities of these molecules in organic solvents. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate how the pH of the fermented broth affects the process used to extract the secondary metabolites of the Diaporthe citri strain G-01 endophyte with ethyl acetate as the organic solvent. The analyzed samples, conducted by direct-infusion electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, were grouped according to the pH of the fermented broth (i.e., <7 and ≥7). A more extreme pH (i.e., 2 or 12) was found to affect the chemical profile of the sample. Moreover, statistical analysis enabled us to determine the presence or absence of ions of high importance; for example, ions at 390.7 and 456.5 m/z were observed mainly at acidic pH, while 226.5, 298.3, and 430.1 m/z ions were observed at pH ≥ 7. Extraction at a pH between 4 and 9 may be of interest for exploring the differential secondary metabolites produced by endophytes. Furthermore, pH influences the chemical phenotype of the fungal metabolic extract.

Spray-drying of casein/pectin bioconjugate microcapsules containing grape (Vitis labrusca) by-product extract.

Novel microcapsules containing grape peel by-product extract were obtained. In this pursuit, complex coacervation of casein/pectin bioconjugate and spray-drying were combined. We have investigated the role of the dispersion feed rate (FR), drying air inlet temperature (IT) and drying air flow rate (AR) in the drying yield, microencapsulation efficiency, total polyphenols and anthocyanins contents, antioxidant activity, and morphology of the products. Also, the first-order degradation kinetics of the phytochemicals for both the extract and dried microcapsules was assessed and compared. The loss on the phytochemicals during spray-drying was attenuated in up to 88%, and the IT was the main factor affecting the particle properties. The polyphenols on the extract interacted with the polymers, influencing the assemble of the bioconjugate and the particle's features. Such microencapsulation strategy enhanced the thermal stability of the phytochemicals and rendered biocompatible and biodegradable products of which the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical application may have potential.

Tibouchina granulosa (Vell.) Cogn (Melastomataceae) as source of endophytic fungi: isolation, identification, and antiprotozoal activity of metabolites from Phyllosticta capitalensis.

Endophytes are microorganisms that form symbiotic relationships with their own host. Included in this group are the species Phyllosticta capitalensis, a group of fungi that include saprobes that produce bioactive metabolites. The present study aimed to identify the cultivable endophytic fungal microbiota present in healthy leaves of Tibouchina granulosa (Desr.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) and investigate secondary metabolites produced by a strain of P. capitalensis and their effects against both Leishmania species and Trypanossoma cruzi. Identification of the strains was accomplished through multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA), followed by phylogenetic analysis. The frequency of colonization was 73.66% and identified fungi belonged to the genus Diaporthe, Colletotrichum, Phyllosticta, Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Fusarium, Nigrospora, and Cercospora. A total of 18 compounds were identified by high-resolution mass spectrum analysis (UHPLC-HRMS), including fatty acids based on linoleic acid and derivatives, from P. capitalensis. Crude extracts had activity against Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum, and Trypanosoma cruzi, with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 17.2 µg/mL, 82.0 µg/mL, and 50.13 µg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of the production of these compounds by the endophytic P. capitalensis isolated from T. granulosa.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile dye Orange-122 Via Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Abstract This work reports the study of the potential application of Zn/TiO2 catalysts, obtained by the sol-gel method, in processes of environmental decontamination through the reactions of photodegradation of textile dye, followed by electrospray mass spectrometry. The catalysts synthesis was performed according to a 2² factorial design with repetition at the central point. The characterization techniques used were: N2 adsorption measurements (BET method), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (MEV/EDS), X-ray diffraction and point of zero charge (PZC). The photocatalytic tests were performed in batch in the presence of sunlight, and to evaluate the degradation kinetics study, a rapid direct injection electrospray mass spectrometry (DI-ESI-MS) method has been developed. By the photocatalytic tests, the calcination temperature of 400 °C has shown the best results of discoloration for the reactive Orange-122 dye (99.76%) in a reaction time of 2h. The discoloration kinetics were a pseudo-first order, and a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the effects of the variables and to optimize the conditions of discoloration to the dye. After the reactional time of 2 h, an ion of m/z 441.5 was detected by ESI-MS, indicating that the photocatalytic process was effective for the degradation of the dye to secondary compounds.

Curvulin and spirostaphylotrichins R and U from extracts produced by two endophytic Bipolaris sp. associated to aquatic macrophytes with antileishmanial activity.

In the present study, biological activity and chemical composition of two crude extracts of endophytic fungal strains of Bipolaris genera isolated from two species of aquatic macrophytes: Eichhornia azurea (Kunth) and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) were investigated. The nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data provided the identification of three main compounds: curvulin (1), spirostaphylotrichin R (2) and U (3). The fragmentation mechanism of the precursor ions towards collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry experiment (MS/MS) is also proposed. Furthermore, biological screening of the crude extracts displayed antileishmanial activity with IC50 values ranging from 70-84.2 µg.mL-1.

LC-MS characterization of valsartan degradation products and comparison with LC-PDA

abstract Valsartan was submitted to forced degradation under acid hydrolysis condition as prescribed by the ICH. Degraded sample aliquots were separated via HPLC using a Hypersil ODS (C18) column (250 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm). Either photodiode array (PDA) detection or mass spectrometry (MS) full scan monitoring of HPLC runs were used. HPLC-PDA failed to indicate Valsartan degradation under forced acid degradation, showing an insignificant peak area variation and that Valsartan apparently remained pure. HPLC-MS using electrospray ionization (ESI) and total ionic current (TIC) monitoring did not reveal any peak variation either, but inspection of the ESI mass spectra showed the appearance of m/z 306 and m/z 352 ions for the same retention time as that of Valsartan (m/z 436). These ions were identified as being protonated molecules of two co-eluting degradation products formed by hydrolysis. These assignments were confirmed by ESI-MS/MS with direct infusion of the degraded samples. The results showed that the use of selective HPLC-MS is essential for monitoring Valsartan degradation. Efficient HPLC separation coupled to selective and structural diagnostic MS monitoring seems therefore mandatory for comprehensive drug degradation studies, particularly for new drugs and formulations, and for method development.

resumo Valsartana (VAL) foi submetida à degradação forçada em meio ácido conforme procedimento descrito no ICH. Os produtos de degradação (PDs) foram monitorados ao longo do tempo de degradação pela técnica de Cromatografia Líquida (LC) utilizando uma coluna Hypersil ODS (C18) (250 x 4,6 mm d.i., 5 µm). A detecção foi feita com dois detectores: espectrofotométrico (PDA) e espectrometria de massas (MS) por corrente iônica total. Ambas as técnicas falharam na identificação dos PDs obtidos ao longo do monitoramento, mostrando insignificantes variações na área do pico e permanecendo com pureza de pico ao longo de toda a eluição. Somente depois da avaliação por íon extraído (XIC), foi possível observar o aumento do íon m/z 306 e m/z 352 exatamente no mesmo tempo de retenção do íon molecular (m/z 436). Estes resultados mostram um caso simples e didático em que somente o uso de um método seletivo de LC-MS pode ser utilizado para monitorar produtos de degradação. Neste trabalho, é apresentado um caso real em que a separação por LC deve ser acoplada a métodos seletivos obtidos por MS, especialmente no estudo de PDs para novos fármacos, formulações e no desenvolvimento de métodos.

Estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações de topiramato comprimidos revestidos de 100 mg, em voluntários sadios após administração de dose única / Study of bioequivalence between two formulations of topiramate 100 mg coated tablets, in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration

O estudo foi realizado para comparar a biodisponibilidade/bioequivalência de duas formulações de topiramato 100 mg comprimidos revestidos (Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S/A - formulação teste e Topamax® por Janssen Cilag Farmacêutica Ltda.) em 28 voluntários de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi realizado através de um desenho aberto, randomizado, cruzado em dois períodos com tempo de washout de 14 dias. As amostras de plasma de 23 dos 28 voluntários inicialmente incluídos foram obtidas ao longo de um intervalo de 120 horas. As concentrações de topiramato foram determinadas através de um equipamento LC-MS-MS, utilizando prednisona como padrão interno. A partir dos dados obtidos se calcularam os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t, ASC0-¥ e Cmax. A razão das médias geométricas de Topiramato/Topamax® 100 mg foi de 100,97% para ASC0-t, 101,38% para ASC0-¥ e 96,94% para Cmax; os intervalos de confiança de 90% foram de 107,02% - 107,40%, 104,45% - 110,42% e 90,98% - 103,29%, respectivamente. Uma vez que os intervalos de confiança de 90% para Cmax e ASC0-t estiveram dentro da faixa de 80% a 125% proposta pelo FDA e pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil), conclui-se que comprimido revestido de topiramato 100 mg foi bioequivalente ao comprimido de Topamax® de 100 mg e, desta forma, o produto teste pode ser considerado intercambiável na prática médica...

Estudo de biodisponibilidade relativa entre duas formulações orais de cloridrato de ranitidina, em voluntários sadios após administração de dose única / Relative bioavailability study of two oral ranitidine hydrochloride formulations in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration

O estudo foi realizado para comparar a biodisponibilidade relativa de duas formulações orais de cloridrato de ranitidina, sendo a formulação teste cloridrato de ranitidina suspensão oral de 40 mg/ml (Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S/A) e a formulação referência Antak® xarope de 150 mg/10 ml produzida por Glaxo Smith Kline Brasil Ltda. em 36 voluntários de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi realizado através de um desenho aberto, randomizado, cruzado em dois períodos com tempo de washout de quatro dias. As amostras de plasma de 34 dos 36 voluntários inicialmente incluídos foram obtidas ao longo de um intervalo de 12 horas. As concentrações de ranitidina foram determinadas através de um equipamento LC-MS-MS, utilizando cimetidina como padrão interno. A partir dos dados obtidos, calcularam-se os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t , ASC0-¥ e Cmax. A razão das médias geométricas de Ranitidina/Antak® foi de 99,75% para ASC0-t, 100,24% para ASC0-¥ e 98,87% para Cmax; os intervalos de confiança de 90% foram de 93,91%-105,95%, 94,47%-106,37% e 88,79%-110,09%, respectivamente. Uma vez que os intervalos de confiança de 90% para Cmax, e ASC0-t estiveram dentro da faixa de 80% a 125% proposta pelo FDA e pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil), conclui-se que a solução oral de cloridrato de ranitidina 40 mg/ml foi bioequivalente a de Antak® 150 mg/10 ml e, dessa forma, o produto teste pode ser considerado intercambiável na prática médica...

Estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações de rivastigmina cápsulas de 6 mg, em voluntários sadios após administração de dose única / Study of bioequivalence between two formulations of rivastigmine 6 mg capsules, in healthy volunteers after a single dose administration

O estudo foi realizado para comparar a biodisponibilidade/bioequivalência de duas formulações de rivastigmina 6 mg cápsulas (Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S/A, formulação teste, e Exelon® por Novartis Biociências S/A - formulação referência, Brasil) em 56 voluntários de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi realizado através de um desenho aberto, randomizado, cruzado em dois períodos com tempo de washout de 7 dias. As amostras de plasma de 46 dos 56 voluntários inicialmente incluídos foram obtidas ao longo de um intervalo de 12 horas. As concentrações de rivastigmina foram determinadas através de um equipamento LC-MS-MS, utilizando zolpidem como padrão interno. A partir dos dados obtidos calcularam-se os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t , ASC0-¥ e Cmax. A razão das médias geométricas de Rivastigmina/Exelon® 6 mg foi de 100,97% para ASC0-t, 101,38% para ASC0-¥ e 89,01% para Cmax; os intervalos de confiança de 90% foram de 93,20% - 109,39%, 93,65% - 109,75% e 81,10% - 97,70%, respectivamente. Uma vez que os intervalos de confiança de 90% para Cmax e ASC0-t estiveram dentro da faixa de 80% - 125% proposta pelo FDA e pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil), conclui-se que a cápsula de rivastigmina 6 mg foi bioequivalente ao comprimido de Exelon® de 6 mg e, dessa forma, o produto teste pode ser considerado intercambiável na prática médica.

Estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações de dicloridrato de pramipexol comprimido de 0,25 mg, em voluntários sadios após administração de dose única / Bioequivalence study between two formulations of pramipexole dihydrochloride 0,25 mg tablets in health volunteers after single dose administration

O estudo foi realizado para comparar a biodisponibilidade/bioequivalência de duas formulações de dicloridrato de pramipexol 0,25 mg comprimidos (Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S/A (formulação teste)) e Sifrolâ (Boehringer Ingelheim do Brasil Química e Farmacêutica Ltda. (formulação referência)) em 24 voluntários de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi realizado através de um desenho aberto, randomizado, cruzado em dois períodos com tempo de washout de 14 dias. As amostras de plasma foram obtidas ao longo de um intervalo de 36 horas. As concentrações de dicloridrato de pramipexol foram determinadas através de um equipamento LC-MS-MS, utilizando pramipexol D5 como padrão interno. A partir dos dados obtidos se calcularam os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t , ASC0-¥ e Cmax. A média geométrica de pramipexol/Sifrolâ 0,25 mg foi de 98,17% para ASC0-t, 96,99% para ASC0-¥ e 96,62% para Cmax; os intervalos de confiança de 90% foram de 93,73 - 102,82%, 93,51% - 100,60% e 89,99 - 103,74%, respectivamente. Uma vez que os intervalos de confiança de 90% para Cmax, e ASC0-t estiveram dentro da faixa de 80% - 125% proposta pelo FDA e pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil), conclui-se que o comprimido de dicloridrato de pramipexol 0,25 mg foi bioequivalente ao comprimido de Sifrolâ de 0,25 mg e, desta forma, o produto teste pode ser considerado intercambiável na prática médica.

Estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações de bissulfato de clopidogrel comprimido revestido de 75 mg, em voluntários sadios após administração de dose única / Study of bioequivalence between two formulations of clopidrogel tablets (75mg) in healthy volunteers

O estudo foi realizado para comparar a biodisponibilidade/bioequivalência de duas formulações de clopidogrel 75 mg comprimidos revestidos (Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S/A - formulação teste e (Plavix®) por Sanofi-Aventis Farmacêutica Ltda. - formulação referência, Brasil) em 48 voluntários de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi realizado através de um desenho aberto, randomizado, cruzado em dois períodos com tempo de washout de uma semana. As amostras de plasma foram obtidas ao longo de um intervalo de 48 horas. As concentrações do metabólito ativo do clopidogrel, ácido carboxílico SR26334 foram determinadas através de um equipamento LC-MS-MS, utilizando enalapril como padrão interno. A partir dos dados obtidos se calcularam os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t, ASC0-¥ e Cmax. A média geométrica de clopidogrel/Plavix® 75 mg foi de 96,71% para ASC0-t, 96.64% para ASC0-¥ e 98,29% para Cmax; os intervalos de confiança de 90% foram de 93,42 - 100,12%, 93,48% - 99,90% e 91,02 - 106,15%, respectivamente. Uma vez que os intervalos de confiança de 90% para Cmax e ASC0-t estiveram dentro da faixa de 80%-125% proposta pelo FDA e pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil), conclui-se que o comprimido de clopidogrel de 75 mg foi bioequivalente ao comprimido de Plavix® de 75 mg e, dessa forma, o produto teste pode ser considerado intercambiável na prática médica.

Evaluation of pantoprazole formulations in different dissolution apparatus using biorelevant medium.

PURPOSE: The study was developed to compare the in vitro dissolution profiles of pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) formulations in both The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus 2 and 3 by applying biorelevant medium. Moreover, an in vitro-in vivo relationship was proposed considering in vivo data from a previously published study. METHODS: In vitro dissolution profiles were evaluated in biorelevant medium in USP apparatus 2 and 3 and the dissolution curves were either compared by the similarity factor (f2) or a model-independent approach. The fraction of drug dissolved in vitro in apparatus 2 was compared with the fraction of drug absorbed in vivo, which was obtained from a retrospective in vivo study. An in vitro-in vivo relationship analysis was then applied to elucidate the overall absorption characteristics of formulations. RESULTS: The dissolution profiles of formulations demonstrated similar disposition in biorelevant medium in both USP apparatus 2 and 3. The dissolution profiles were described by f2 model in apparatus 2 and Weibull's function in apparatus 3. The vitro-in vivo relationship analysis showed that the formulations exhibited permeability rate-limiting absorption. CONCLUSION: Biorelevant medium in both USP apparatus 2 and 3 may be used as a tool to predict in vivo disposition of formulations of pantoprazole. Furthermore, it can be argued that biowaiver can be granted for enteric coated formulations of pantoprazole on the basis of in vitro dissolution profile.

Bioequivalence of two enteric coated formulations of pantoprazole in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions.

PURPOSE: To compare the bioavailability of two pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) formulations (40 mg pantoprazole enteric coated tablets) under fasted and fed conditions as well as to evaluate the dissolution profile in biorelevant media. METHODS: The subjects received either 40 mg of the reference or of test formulation in fasting (n = 28) and fed (n=70) condition. The studies were conducted according to a single dose and randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected up to 12 h after drug administration in fasting condition and up to 48 h in fed condition. Plasma concentrations of pantoprazole were determined by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the observed plasma concentration-time profiles. Bioequivalence between the formulations in fasting and fed condition was assessed considering 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of means for lnCmax and lnAUC(0-t) within 0.8-1.25. Dissolution profiles were evaluated in biorelevant media [Fasting State Simulating Intestinal Fluid (FaSSIF) and Fed State Simulating Intestinal Fluid (FeSSIF)]. The sameness of the dissolution curves was assessed by f2 values between 50 and 100. RESULTS: Under fasting condition the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of means for the lnCmax, (0.94-1.03) and lnAUC(0-t) (0.89-0.99) was within the guideline range of bioequivalence (0.80-1.25). However, the data for lnCmax (0.51-0.76) and lnAUC(0-t) (0.68-0.90) under fed condition were not within the bioequivalence range. The postprandial study demonstrated a high intra-subject variability and in some subjects pantoprazole could not be detected for up to 24 h, although the dissolution profile of reference and test formulations presented a similar disposition in FaSSIF and FeSSIF as confirmed by the values of f2 higher than 50. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the test formulation was bioequivalent to the reference in fasting condition but not in postprandial state. The dissolution profile in FaSSIF indicates that this biorelevant medium was more adequate to discriminate the in vivo disposition of pantoprazole than FeSSIF. Furthermore, the fed condition study had shown a pronounced influence of food in the absorption of pantoprazole after single oral dose administration.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids from Palicourea crocea.

Two new monoterpene indole alkaloids, named croceaines A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the leaves of Palicourea crocea. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods.

Chiral morphing and enantiomeric quantification in mixtures by mass spectrometry.

A novel mass spectrometric method is introduced for rapid and accurate chiral quantification by examining a tetracoordinated transition metal complex into which a reference and a fixed ligand are incorporated simultaneously with the analyte. Chiral analysis is performed by measuring the dissociation kinetics of these trimeric cluster ions [(M(II) + L(fixed) - H)(ref)(An)]+ (M(II) = a transition metal ion, L(fixed) = chiral peptide fixed ligand, ref = chiral reference ligand, and An = chiral analyte) in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The ratio of the product ion branching ratios measured when a pair of pure chiral fixed ligands and chiral reference ligands (/ref(D) and /ref(L); or /ref(L) and /ref(D)) are employed in separate experiments is related, via the kinetic method formalism, to the enantiomeric composition of the chiral mixture. This fixed-ligand quotient ratio (QR(fixed)) is logarithmically proportional to enantiomeric purity allowing construction of a calibration curve for chiral analysis when the analyte is only available in one form of known optical purity. There are reciprocal relationships when switching the chirality of the fixed/reference ligands. Improved quantification accuracy (due to simplified dissociation kinetics) and ready construction of two or more single-point calibration curves allow data to be cross-checked and represent an advantage of this approach. These features and the matrix tolerance of the kinetic method are demonstrated using the QR(fixed) method for determinations of enantiomeric excess of the drug DOPA in the presence of the co-drug compound L-carbidopa. The chiral selectivity of DOPA was found to vary from 0.0581 to 0.337 using this method, depending on the choices of fixed-ligand and reference chirality. The average relative errors are less than 1.2%. The potential of chiral morphing (changing chiral centers in the ligands) to further refine the chiral interactions and hence to maximize chiral recognition is shown.

Probing the mechanism of the Petasis olefination reaction by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass and tandem mass spectrometry.

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass (APCI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) is used to probe the mechanism of the Petasis olefination reaction. Oxatitanacycle intermediates 4 were transferred from solution to the gas phase, detected as 4H+ by APCI-MS with characteristic Ti-isotopic patterns, and structurally characterized by APCI-MS/MS. Detection of 4H+, which upon collision activation dissociates to both 3H+ and Cp(2)TiOH+, fully supports the Hughes mechanism as depicted above. [reaction: see text]